June 24, 2007

OPTICAL IMAGING, SCATTERING, AND INTERFERENCE

FOR BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS

By

Gabriel Popescu

Course Notes (PDF 17.6Mb)

Contents

Contents Chapter 1. Introduction (Lecture 1) 1.1. Properties of EM fields 1.2. The frequency domain representation 1.3. Measurable quantities 1.4. The uncertainty principle Chapter 2. Mathematical toolbox (Lecture 1+2) 2.1. Linear systems 2.2. Light-matter interaction. The Lorentz model 2.3. The superposition principle 2.4. Green’s function/ impulse response 2.5. Fourier transforms 2.6. Basic theorems with Fourier transforms 2.7. Differential equations and Fourier transforms 2.8. Refraction and absorption 2.9. Maxwell’s equations Chapter 3. Imaging (Lecture 3+4) 3.1. Geometrical optics 3.2. Fermat’s principle 3.3. Snell’s law 3.4. Propagation matrices in geometrical optics 3.5. The thick lens 3.6. Cardinal points 3.7. The thin lens 3.8. Ray tracing 3.9. System of lenses 3.10. Lens as a phase transformer 3.11. Huygens-Fresnel principle 3.12. Fraunhofer approximation 3.13. Fourier properties of lenses Chapter 4. Optical microscopy (Lecture 5+6, SP1) 4.1. Resolution of optical microscopes 4.2. Contrast 4.3. Dark field microscopy 4.4. Schlieren method 4.5. Phase contrast microscopy 4.6. DIC/ Nomarski microscopy 4.7. Quantitative phase microscopy 4.8. Confocal microscopy 4.9. Fluorescence microscopy 4.10. Multiphoton imaging Chapter 5. Light scattering from inhomogeneous media (Lecture 7+8, SP2) 5.1. Scattering on single particles 5.2. Rayleigh scattering 5.3. The Born approximation 5.4. The spatial correlation function 5.5. Single particle- Born approximation. Rayleigh-Gans 5.6. Ensemble of particles 5.7. Mie Scattering 5.8. Multiple light scattering 5.9. Transport equation 5.10. The diffusion approximation 5.11. Solutions to the diffusion equation 5.12. Diffusion of light in tissue Chapter 6. Interferometry (Lecture 9-10, SP3) 6.1. Superposition of fields 6.2. Monochromatic fields 6.3. Wavefront division interferometry 6.4. Amplitude division interferometry 6.5. Multiple beam interferometry 6.6. Interference with partially coherent light 6.7. Temporal coherence 6.8. ODR- optical domain reflectometry 6.9. OCT- optical coherence tomography 6.10. Dispersion effects on temporal coherence References Supplemental material (PPT) SP1. Microscopy- examples SP2. LSS- Light scattering spectroscopy. Diagnostics of early cancer SP3. Quantitative phase microscopy- investigation of live cells